Fetal Echocardiography Practice Test

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• In a normal three-vessel/trachea view, the arrangement of the great vessels is described as which?
• In a normal fetal heart, which cardiac chamber is the most superior?
• What is the normal fetal heart rate in the second trimester?
• What is the role of the three-vessel/trachea view in screening for CHD?
• Which of the following is not a type of anatomic atrial septal defect?
• Which shunt connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs?
• What does the 3VT view assess?
• Which of the following is a type of atrial septal defect described in the material?
• Which finding supports situs solitus?
• Ostium primum atrial septal defect is most often associated with which finding?
• In the three-vessel-trachea view, the sizes of the vessels should be equal.
• Ductus venosus Doppler in fetal congenital heart disease primarily provides assessment of which parameter?
• Ostium primum atrial septal defect is characteristically associated with which valvular finding?
• What is the primary aim of fetal echocardiography in suspected CHD cases?
• What is typically determined first in fetal echocardiography?
• By which day do the fetal heart tube fuse and merge?
• Why is documenting the presence or absence of shunts in a fetal echo report important?
• All of the following are true statements concerning fetal circulation except
• Which view is most useful for visualizing atrioventricular valve anatomy and a common AV junction in suspected AV septal defects?
• How large is the aortic arch compared to the ascending and descending aorta?
• The ductus venosus closes after birth and becomes the
• What is the normal fetal heart rate range?
• In a fetal echo report, AV/VA concordance refers to what?
• What is the name given for normal situs?
• Which statement defines a 'critical CHD' in the prenatal setting?
• What are common limitations when using Doppler to evaluate regurgitation in the fetus?
• Normal cardiac looping proceeds anteriorly and to which side?
• When should follow-up fetal echocardiography be considered after initial CHD diagnosis?
• In fetal echocardiography, which assessment helps evaluate fetal hemodynamics alongside structural evaluation?
• Which imaging planes are essential for a comprehensive fetal echocardiography exam?
• What is meant by single ventricle physiology and how is it identified prenatally?
• In a fetus with ductus-dependent CHD, which statement best describes the clinical significance of a patent ductus arteriosus?
• Which combination of features characterizes tetralogy of Fallot prenatally?
• Which view is most informative for identifying abnormal parallel arrangement of the great arteries in transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?
• What does situs solitus mean and why is it important?
• What does the three-vessel view assess?
• The ductus venosus becomes which structure after birth?
• The ligamentum teres is the remnant of which fetal vessel?
• Which chamber is located most anterior in the normal fetal heart?
• Which structure enters the left atrium posteriorly?
• How can a vascular ring appear on fetal imaging and why is it clinically relevant?
• The SA node develops during the fifth week of embryology and is located in the right wall of the sinus venosus; into which heart chamber is it later incorporated?
• What is the recommended care pathway for delivery when a fetus has severe CHD?
• Which of the following contributes to the formation of the outflow tracks?
• What determines whether a fetus with CHD has ductus-dependent systemic circulation?
• How is a right aortic arch distinguished prenatally on imaging?
• Ductus venosus flow pattern assessment in fetal echocardiography is used to infer which physiological state?
• In the second-trimester CHD evaluation, what is a key purpose of repeat imaging?
• Which cardiac chamber is most posterior in the fetal heart?
• In the primitive cardiovascular system, which vessels return blood from the yolk sac?
• What is the typical fetal cardiac axis in the standard four-chamber view?
• Genetic counseling is particularly considered in fetal CHD when which scenarios are present?
• What imaging clues raise suspicion for coarctation of the aorta in utero?
• During atrial septation, perforations in the septum primum result in which structure?
• Which statement is true about mesocardia?
• In the second trimester, how should CHD be monitored?
• Which structure is a landmark used to identify the right ventricle in fetal echocardiography?
• Which of the following divides the atrioventricular orifice on the fetal heart?
• The closure of the foramen ovale after birth is primarily due to which change?
• What is a right aortic arch and what conditions is it associated with?
• Which view is particularly useful for assessing great vessel relationships by providing a basal short-axis perspective?
• How would a mismatch of AV and VA connections present on echocardiography?
• What are the fundamental outflow tract views and what do they evaluate?
• Which imaging consideration is commonly limited when evaluating coronary artery anomalies prenatally?
• Which maternal factor has the strongest association with fetal congenital heart disease?
• How does prenatal echocardiography influence postnatal management decisions?
• Which term describes the normal arrangement of thoracic and abdominal organs?
• What left-sided structures are typically hypoplastic in HLHS?
• In the three vessel view, which vessel should be smaller than the others?
• Until the seventh week, there is a crescent-shaped ________ between the free edge of the interventricular septum and the fused endocardial cushions.
• The primitive ventricle is usually morphologically which ventricle?
• Which atrial septal defect type is located in the inferior portion of the interatrial septum?
• Which statement is NOT a characteristic finding of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
• Which statement best describes double outlet right ventricle (DORV) with a VSD?
• When should genetic counseling be considered in fetal CHD?
• A structured approach to fetal echocardiography screening typically includes which of the following views?
• What is heterotaxy and why is it important in fetal CHD assessment?
• Which statement best describes a ductus-dependent CHD?
• In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which ventricle must sustain systemic circulation after birth?
• Which prenatal finding is highly suggestive of interrupted aortic arch?
• Basal short-axis view is most helpful in fetal echo for what?
• The ductus arteriosus after birth becomes which structure?
• A persistent left superior vena cava is most readily identified on which ultrasound view?
• Which structure is involved in forming the trunk that divides into the aorta and pulmonary artery?
• In a normal four-chamber view, what does AV concordance mean?
• Deoxygenated blood from the fetal heart returns to the maternal placenta via the
• Which component is essential in multidisciplinary perinatal planning for severe CHD?
• The umbilical vein after birth becomes the ligamentum
• How would a complete atrioventricular septal defect appear in the four-chamber view?
• How can you differentiate the right and left ventricles on a fetal echo?
• Which structure identifies the right ventricle?
• What structures form the ductal arch?
• What is the normal Doppler pattern in the ductus venosus during mid-gestation?
• In the developing heart tube, the blood flow is directed toward the head; what term describes this direction?
• Which maternal factor is most associated with fetal congenital heart disease?
• Oxygenated blood flows to the fetal heart via which vessel?
• Which combination of findings defines Tetralogy of Fallot in fetal imaging?
• Which cardiac conducting structure originates from the sinus venosus?
• What defines a single-ventricle physiology on fetal echocardiography?
• In a fetus with ductus-dependent systemic circulation, premature ductus arteriosus closure in utero may cause which outcome?
• Why is accurate documentation of lesion severity important prenatally?
• Which view is most appropriate for assessing infundibular obstruction?
• How can coronary artery anomalies be evaluated prenatally?
• Which combination of views constitutes a systematic approach to fetal screening for CHD?
• Which organ is the first to function during fetal development?
• Which statement about the umbilical arteries is true?
• Which of the following contributes to the formation of the vena cava, coronary sinus and posterior walls of the right atrium and left atrium?
• Which of the following defines fetal situs solitus?
• What is the rationale for serial fetal echocardiography in high-risk pregnancies?
• What does Qp:Qs indicate and why is it challenging to measure prenatally?
• In the bicaval view, which structures are the main focus?
• Which fetal cardiac structures are necessary following birth?
• What should a comprehensive fetal echo report include?
• In the fetal heart, fetal blood at the atrial level is shunted right to left via the
• Which genetic condition is commonly associated with conotruncal abnormalities?
• Which of the following are common limitations of fetal echocardiography?
• How does fetal echocardiography influence the timing of postnatal interventions?
• What is the purpose of the 3-vessel-trachea view in fetal echocardiography?
• Which fetal rhythm disturbance is of particular concern on fetal echocardiography?
• Which vessels are typically evaluated in the three-vessel view during fetal echocardiography?
• In single-ventricle physiology, which ventricle is described as the dominant ventricle?
• What is a hallmark finding of transposition of the great arteries on the three-vessel/trachea view?
• How does 3D/4D echocardiography enhance fetal CHD assessment?
• Which feature of Ebstein anomaly is most characteristic on fetal imaging?
• Which finding on imaging would indicate parallel great arteries suggestive of TGA?
• At 21–23 days, the heart tube is connected to which structures at the cephalic and caudal ends, respectively?
• How is truncus arteriosus defined on fetal echo?
• How does fetal echocardiography influence prognosis and perinatal planning for CHD?
• What is the clinical significance of mild, isolated pericardial effusion seen on fetal echo?
• Which CHD lesion is highly dependent on ductus arteriosus patency for systemic perfusion?
• How are supracardiac versus infracardiac TAPVR differentiated on imaging?
• What is a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) and how is it seen on ultrasound?
• What is the principal prenatal echocardiographic sign of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)?
• What is the role of M-mode in fetal echocardiography?
• How do you distinguish double outlet left ventricle (DOLV) from DORV?
• Which finding would most strongly suggest coarctation of the aorta on prenatal imaging?
• Which of the following is the earliest embryologic cardiac structure?
• Which view best demonstrates the arrangement of the great vessels relative to the trachea?
• How is double-outlet right ventricle identified on fetal echo?
• A right aortic arch can be isolated or associated with which condition category?
• Beyond chamber and great vessel assessment, which additional evaluation is recommended in a comprehensive fetal echocardiography?
• Which scenario would prompt delivery planning at a tertiary center due to CHD complexity?
• What sonographic signs suggest interrupted aortic arch prenatally?
• The central opening formed by perforations in the septum primum is called which structure?
• How is pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum diagnosed prenatally?
• In the fetus, which ventricle is thicker?
• In dextrocardia, the heart loops ______.
• Which valve directs blood from the inferior vena cava to the foramen ovale in the fetal heart?
• Which component is considered the earliest primitive cardiac structure?
• Right or left isomerism with an unpredictable situs arrangement defines which term?
• Which embryonic structure is NOT correctly matched with its postnatal derivative?
• What prenatal findings are typical of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)?
• Why might fetal mitral or tricuspid inflow Doppler be challenging to interpret in early gestation?
• What is the classic prenatal signature of Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?
• Which prenatal finding best characterizes pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum?
• Which chromosomal abnormalities are routinely considered when CHD is detected?
• Which view best assesses the spatial relationship of the great arteries and the trachea?
• In a normal three-vessel/trachea view, the great vessels show which arrangement?
• How can venous congestion be distinguished in fetal echo?
• When CHD is detected prenatally, what genetic testing is commonly considered, especially with conotruncal anomalies?
• The type of atrial septal defect that affects the inferior portion of the interatrial septum is the
• Which views are essential components of a comprehensive fetal echocardiography examination?
• Postnatally, the umbilical vein becomes which ligament?
• What is the normal cardiothoracic ratio?
• When counseling parents after a diagnosis of severe CHD, which elements should be included?
• Which fetal arrhythmias are most commonly encountered and what imaging helps?
• What is Ebstein anomaly and what is the key echocardiographic finding?
• What are the principal ventricular septal defect subtypes described in fetal cardiology?
• How is situs assessed in fetal echocardiography?
• Which atrial septal defect type is located in the central region of the interatrial septum?
• Which ASD type is located in the inferior portion of the interatrial septum?
• During D-looping, the primitive atria and sinus venosus move ____________.
• Which chromosomal syndromes are commonly associated with congenital heart defects identified antenatally?
• Before birth pulmonary vascular resistance is greater than systemic resistance because the
• Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 in the context of fetal CHD are important to consider because?
• What is the value of evaluating coronary origins in fetal echo?
• How can maternal factors influence prenatal CHD risk?
• A fetal heart axis of 45 degrees from the midline corresponds to which cardiac position?
• What does the direction and magnitude of shunting across the foramen ovale reflect?
• What is the clinical relevance of the ductus venosus flow pattern?
• The ductal arch is formed by which vessels?
• In the three vessel view, which statement about vessel sizes is correct?
• In TAPVR, which view(s) can reveal an anomalous venous connection?
• Which statement about 22q11.2 deletion and CHD is true?
• What is the normal cardiac position from the midline in fetal imaging?
• The atrial septal defect that involves the central region of the interatrial septum is called which?
• In the three vessel view, which vessel is typically smallest?
• How is an interatrial or atrial septal defect suggested on Doppler imaging?
• Why is follow-up fetal echocardiography important after an initial CHD diagnosis?
• How does maternal diabetes affect fetal CHD risk and prognosis?
• In a fetus with ductus-dependent systemic circulation, what treatment at birth is essential to maintain systemic perfusion?
• Which statement accurately describes cardiovascular changes at birth?
• How might coarctation of the aorta be suspected in utero?
• The ductus arteriosus after birth becomes the
• In a normal fetal heart, which cardiac chamber is closest to the spine?
• Which statement best describes the role of the ductus arteriosus in a ductus-dependent systemic circulation condition?
• Which of the following is the interventricular foramen?
• Conotruncal defects are defined as CHDs involving the outflow tracts. Which of the following is a classic conotruncal defect?
• Which statement describes a vascular ring and how it is detected on fetal imaging?
• Blood flow in the heart tube is directed
• Which description best defines mesocardia?
• What defines double outlet right ventricle (DORV) on fetal echocardiography?
• Which of the following contributes to the formation of the aorta and pulmonary artery?
• Which genetic deletion is commonly tested for in fetuses with conotruncal anomalies?
• What is a key limitation of prenatal coronary origin assessment?
• Where does a persistent left superior vena cava typically drain?
• The foramen ovale after birth becomes the
• How is fetal right ventricular function most accurately assessed?
• What term describes the normal arrangement of thoracic and abdominal organs?
• What does AV concordance mean in a fetal heart?
• Which statement about atrialization in Ebstein anomaly is correct?
• How does Ebstein anomaly present on fetal echocardiography?
• The foramen ovale closes after birth due to an increase in
• If the three-vessel/trachea view shows a side-by-side arrangement of the great arteries, which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which statement about secundum vs sinus venosus atrial septal defects is accurate on fetal imaging?
• Polysplenia is associated with ______ atrial isomerism.
• The vessel that shunts fetal blood right to left between the pulmonary artery and aorta is the
• Which statement about events after birth is false?
• Why is assessing great vessel relationships during fetal echocardiography important?
• What does ventriculoarterial concordance refer to?
• Which term describes a heart located on the right side of the chest with the apex pointed to the right?
• The best time to perform a fetal echo is
• Which statement best summarizes the primary aim of fetal echocardiography in suspected CHD?
• What is a key perinatal delivery planning consideration for fetuses with HLHS?
• What is the role of tissue Doppler imaging in fetal echocardiography?
• Which of the following are indications for a fetal echocardiogram?
• How do you differentiate sinus rhythm from atrial flutter on fetal echocardiography?
• In a normal fetal heart, which cardiac chamber is the most anterior?
• In which views is a VSD most readily detected prenatally?
• Which is the most common type of atrial septal defect?
• Which view is commonly used to evaluate outflow tract alignment and the great vessels in fetal echocardiography?
• How is a dominant ventricle identified in single-ventricle physiology?
• Which Doppler parameter helps assess fetal myocardial function in echocardiography?
• What CHD patterns are typically seen with 22q11.2 deletion?
• Sinus venosus ASD is typically located near which structure?
• Why is universal fetal CHD screening valuable?
• Which measurement approach is commonly used to assess ventricular size relative to gestational age?